Saturday, August 21, 2010
OSI Reference Model (by adarsh)
The development of faster internet world, of course, required an international standard that ensures an unbiased system running as it should.
One common standard protocol is needed. ISO (International Standards Organization) put forward the idea of the OSI model. It was decided that the reference model will be called ISO OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) because it dealt with connecting open systems. When we deal with open systems, it does not mean the system is free or open source or even have a security problem. This is just a term coined for computers that communicate with each other.
The principle involved in the design of the OSI Reference Model
This reference model was made after considering the specific requirements on computer networks. Here are the requirements
1. There must be a specific function, well defined for each layer in the OSI reference model
2. There must be a minimum flow of information between these layers. Because the number of layers must be chosen so that the limited information flow and rapid
3. Each layer should provide different levels of abstraction
4. International protocol defined must be considered when determining the layer that they will work within the OSI reference model
5. Although point # 2 mean creating more layers, the layer should be made only when necessary and not for other layers.
Layers in the OSI model
There are detailed individual articles on each layer for ease of reference. Please click on the link about the different layers of the OSI reference model and go through them individually.
1. Application Layer
2. Presentation Layer
3. Session layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Network layer
6. Data Link Layer
7. Physical layer
One not to be confused by the reference model of network architecture. OSI model only gives "what each layer should do" information rather than how they performed.
Please see to:
OSI Model
http://www.networkingtipsblog.com/networking/osi-reference-model/
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Alternative Options for Treating Allergic Rhinitis
by: Stacey M Kerr MD
Here in northern California, allergies are a significant health problem leading to fatigue, sick days from work and school, and secondary infections. Allergic rhinitis is a reaction to seasonal airborne allergens. It affects about 7 percent of the population of North America and is a risk factor for 88 percent of asthma patients. We have some excellent prescription medications for treating this, and there are many over-the-counter medications available also. However, BEWARE of the sedating effects of those nonprescription medications!!! Recent studies have shown that an individual on a therapeutic dose of diphenhydramine (Benedryl) is a more dangerous driver than one who is legally drunk on alcohol. Fortunately, there are also some effective alternative therapies for allergic rhinitis. Remember: no matter what method you use to treat your allergies, nasal rinsing to clear the mucus membranes of trapped allergens is essential. It only takes about 30 seconds, doesn't hurt a bit when done correctly, and makes all the difference. I recommend Nasopure®, a product developed by Dr. Hana Solomon, a pediatrician who has put together in one simple kit all you need for successful nasal rinsing. There is an excellent article about this on the Nasopure website (www.nasopure.com). If you are regularly using your Nasopure®, and still having difficulties, you can try some of the following remedies without significant side effects. Vitamin and mineral supplements: * Vitamin A - 10,000 IU/day * Vitamin B6 - 50-100 mg/day * Vitamin B5 - 50-75 mg/day * Vitamin C - 1,000 mg/day in 3 divided doses * Vitamin E - 400 IU/day * Zinc - 20-30 mg/day In addition some herbs and nutrients can help: Quercetin has anti-allergy and anti-inflammatory effects if you take it 250mg two or three times a day. Freeze-dried stinging nettles (Urtica dioica) can relieve symptoms of allergic rhinitis at a dosage of 300mg twice a day. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), also called fish oil, can help asthma patients with allergies by stabilizing the airways. They come in capsules and the total dose of the combination should be 2-4 g/day. Acupuncture has given many patients significant relief. The Chinese medicine paradigm is very different than Western medicine, so I can not explain the mechanism of action. But I know that it is effective! See your doctor about allergy symptoms if you are unable to manage them on your own - the nonsedating antihistamines and anti-inflammatory nasal sprays available today are excellent in treating this significant health problem!
Stacey Marie Kerr, M.D. graduated from the University of California Davis Medical School in 1989 and is currently a board certified family physician. Dr. Kerr is a member of the California and American Academy of Family Physicians. She holds a B.S. in Education/Special Education from the University of Missouri, Columbia Missouri. She hosts a website the-doctors-inn.comthat provides personalized answers to medical questions.
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